An acoustic imaging method for layered non-reciprocal media

Given the increasing interest for non-reciprocal materials, we propose a novel acoustic imaging method for layered non-reciprocal media. The method we propose is a modification of the Marchenko imaging method, which handles multiple scattering between the layer interfaces in a data-driven way. We start by reviewing the basic equations for wave propagation in a non-reciprocal medium. Next, we discuss Green's functions, focusing functions, and their mutual relations, for a non-reciprocal horizontally layered medium. These relations form the basis for deriving the modified Marchenko method, which retrieves the wave field inside the non-reciprocal medium from reflection measurements at the boundary of the medium. With a numerical example we show that the proposed method is capable of imaging the layer interfaces at their correct positions, without artefacts caused by multiple scattering.Comment: 21 pages, 8 figure

Reciprocity and representation theorems for flux- and field-normalised decomposed wave fields

We consider wave propagation problems in which there is a preferred direction of propagation. To account for propagation in preferred directions, the wave equation is decomposed into a set of coupled equations for waves that propagate in opposite directions along the preferred axis. This decomposition is not unique. We discuss flux-normalised and field-normalised decomposition in a systematic way, analyse the symmetry properties of the decomposition operators and use these symmetry properties to derive reciprocity theorems for the decomposed wave fields, for both types of normalisation. Based on the field-normalised reciprocity theorems, we derive representation theorems for decomposed wave fields. In particular we derive double- and single-sided Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integrals for forward and backward propagation of decomposed wave fields. The single-sided Kirchhoff-Helmholtz integrals for backward propagation of field-normalised decomposed wave fields find applications in reflection imaging, accounting for multiple scattering.Comment: 31 pages, 5 figure

Monitoring induced distributed double-couple sources using Marchenko-based virtual receivers

We aim to monitor and characterize signals in the subsurface by combining these passive signals with recorded reflection data at the surface of the Earth. To achieve this, we propose a method to create virtual receivers from reflection data using the Marchenko method. By applying homogeneous Green's function retrieval, these virtual receivers are then used to monitor the responses from subsurface sources. We consider monopole point sources with a symmetric source signal, where the full wavefield without artefacts in the subsurface can be obtained. Responses from more complex source mechanisms, such as double-couple sources, can also be used and provide results with comparable quality as the monopole responses. If the source signal is not symmetric in time, our technique that is based on homogeneous Green's function retrieval provides an incomplete signal, with additional artefacts. The duration of these artefacts is limited and they are only present when the source of the signal is located above the virtual receiver. For sources along a fault rupture, this limitation is also present and more severe due to the source activating over a longer period of time. Part of the correct signal is still retrieved, as well as the source location of the signal. These artefacts do not occur in another method which creates virtual sources as well as receivers from reflection data at the surface. This second method can be used to forecast responses to possible future induced seismicity sources (monopoles, double-couple sources and fault ruptures). This method is applied to field data, where similar results to synthetic data are achieved, which shows the potential for the application on real data signals

Virtual plane-wave imaging via Marchenko redatuming

Marchenko redatuming is a novel scheme used to retrieve up- and down-going Green's functions in an unknown medium. Marchenko equations are based on reciprocity theorems and are derived on the assumption of the existence of so called focusing functions, i.e. functions which exhibit time-space focusing properties once injected in the subsurface. In contrast to interferometry but similarly to standard migration methods, Marchenko redatuming only requires an estimate of the direct wave from the virtual source (or to the virtual receiver), illumination from only one side of the medium, and no physical sources (or receivers) inside the medium. In this contribution we consider a different time-focusing condition within the frame of Marchenko redatuming and show how this can lead to the retrieval of virtual plane-wave responses, thus allowing multiple-free imaging using only a 1 dimensional sampling of the targeted model. The potential of the new method is demonstrated on a 2D synthetic model.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figure